Europe is having a defining moment with artificial intelligence. Not because it is building the biggest models or attracting the most investment, but because it is trying to answer a harder question: can AI be trusted?

A new paper published in Electronics 2025 offers a breakthrough solution: the Trustworthiness Optimisation Process (TOP). Developed by researchers from the National Technical University of Athens and the University of Piraeus, and supported by the THEMIS 5.0 project, this methodology bridges the gap between high-level guidelines and real-world AI practice.