Artificial intelligence may be global, but the rules governing it are anything but. An AI system can be developed in the United States, use infrastructure in the Middle East, serve customers in Europe, draw on data from several continents and make decisions affecting people around the world. Yet each of those places may have a very different idea of what “responsible AI” means. As of August 2026, there is no single global model for AI governance. Instead, a patchwork is

Europe is having a defining moment with artificial intelligence. Not because it is building the biggest models or attracting the most investment, but because it is trying to answer a harder question: can AI be trusted?

A new paper published in Electronics 2025 offers a breakthrough solution: the Trustworthiness Optimisation Process (TOP). Developed by researchers from the National Technical University of Athens and the University of Piraeus, and supported by the THEMIS 5.0 project, this methodology bridges the gap between high-level guidelines and real-world AI practice.